Prevent Insolvent Trading Guide Directors †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Prevent Insolvent Trading Guide Directors? Answer: Introducation When a person, be it an organization or an individual, fails in making payment of their debts, which was owed by them to other, it refers to the situation of solvency. When a company becomes insolvent, it is not able to pay the dues owed to its creditors, government, or to any other stakeholder of the company. The most common forms for a companys insolvency are the balance sheet and the cash flow (Omar, 2017). In balance sheet insolvency, the company does not have the require assets which is needed for paying the owed debts. And in the cash flow insolvency, the company does have the required assets but does not have it in the right form to pay the debts. In order to safeguard the company against insolvency in the nation, the directors have been given some duties, particularly the one related to not trading in such situation where the company is already, or can become insolvent, as a result of undertaking the transaction. The Australian Securities and Investments Commission, herein re ferred to as ASIC, plays a key role, along with other statutory bodies, regarding insolvency of a company (Keay, Murray and Harris, 2013). This essay revolves around the feature and characteristics of company insolvency, with the specific reference to director duties. Along with this, the statics related to insolvency have also been highlighted, to present a true figure of the situation of insolvency, as is present in Australia. As was stated in the introductory segment, an insolvent company is not able to pay their debts, as and when they fall due. For a corporate insolvency, there are three general processes, i.e., the receivership, liquidation and voluntary administration. Insolvency is not something which just crops up suddenly one fine day. There are clear signs which show that the company is about to become insolvency. These signs usually are in terms of the financial difficulty being faced by the company (ASIC, 2014a). ASIC has highlighted different signs which depict that the company is about to be insolvency. These include the company being put on cash on delivery terms by the suppliers, company issuing post dated cheques, company cheques being dishonoured, continued losses and poor cash flow, creditors being unpaid even after grace periods, rising amount of debts, not being able to raise funds from shareholders or from banks, effectively having a problem in raising the needed finances, no business plan, loans not being able to be recovered from the associated entities, unpaid superannuation liabilities and taxes, relying on success of next initiative, overdraft limits being crossed and disputes in the management or with suppliers (ASIC, 2016). Where the directors feel that the company is having some difficulties, particularly related to its financial position, they need to go forward with legal, as well as, accounting advice as soon as is possible for them, so that the timely actions can be undertaken and the survival of the company can be ensured. Not seeking a timely advice can prove costly for the company, as the company might reach a situation, from where there is no coming back. In this regard, the best option is to involve an insolvency practitioner as they are experts in their field and know how to save a company from its insolvency position. There is also a need for a solvency view of the company to be undertaken for outlining the options which the company can use for improving its situation. By undertaking this review, the company can make the most suitable decision for the future. And it is significant that during this time, the company takes no further debts (ASIC, 2014b). The directors of the company have the responsibility of running the affairs of the company on behalf of shareholders. They have also been granted different duties through Corporation Act, 2001s different sections, which is an act of commonwealth. As per section 588G of his act, the directors have a duty to prevent insolvent trading. In this regard, section 588G(1) states that the directors need restrict themselves from undertaking any more debts, particularly when undertaking such debt would make the company insolvent, or where the company is already insolvent. Under section 588G(2) of the Corporations Act, an individual would be deemed to have contravened the provisions covered in subsection 1, when they undertake the debt when they had reasonable grounds to suspect about the position of the company as would be done by a reasonable individual. Under section 588(3), criminal liability is imposed over such individuals who fail to fulfil the conditions covered under subsection 1, with dishonest intentions. For the purpose of making a case for violation of this section, an application can be made to the ASIC, who can initiate the case against the violating director (AICD, 2014). The limit of penalty for breach of this section, under civil liability is covered under section 1317G and is stated to be Australian $200,000. An example of using this section is the case of ASIC v Rich [2003] NSWSC 328, in which both pecuniary penalties and disqualification was sought out by the ASIC (Walker, 2012). The directors, as has been stated earlier, work on behalf of the shareholders, so they owe a duty towards them, whereby they need to adhere to both statutory and common law. Apart from them, in cases of insolvency, the directors owe a duty of care to the creditors also, and to the employees, where their entitlements are unpaid. Kinsela v Russell Kinsela Pty Ltd (in liq) (1986) 4 NSWLR 722 is a leading example of duty being owed to the creditors (CCH Australia Limited, 2017). They also have a duty to properly keeping the records and the books (ASIC, 2014c). Hence, there is a need on part of the directors to make certain that the financial records are maintained properly and a true financial position, along with performance of the company is reflected. Where it is assumed that company is insolvent, the directors need to explore the different options, which include changing company activities, restructuring company, external administrator appointment or refinancing (ASIC, 2014b). Liquidation of the company can be undertaken voluntarily or through appointment of liquidator or receiver. In voluntary intervention, the process of liquidation is started by the company members after passing a resolution of the board to wind up the company and to appoint a liquidator. In such situation, the members of the company, along with directors, can mutually decide the liquidator of the company. Even the employees can apply for a company to be wound up by applying for a voluntary or court liquidation (ASIC, 2017b). The creditors can also apply for liquidation when their debts remain unpaid for a long period of time, by applying to the court for winding the company up. For this, there is a need of local court or district courts judgment and also depends upon the outstanding amount of debts. Once the application succeeds, an official or provisional liquidator is appointed by the court of law (CRS Insolvency Services, 2014). Instead of opting for winding up of the company, it is preferable to opt for restructuring, refinancing or changing the company activities. This can be done by the company moving its focus to a different activity, which is similar to the core business of the company. Also, in place of creditors winding up, the more favourable option is to go for administration, or voluntary arrangements. This is due to the fact that the liquidation process remains in control in these options and also, different stakeholders are stopped from making any action against the company. The objective in cases of administration is to save the company as a going concern and to stop the creditors from making an action till the time the administration of company continues (Invest Northern Ireland, 2017). On quarterly basis each year, the ASIC presents insolvency statistics. The June 2017 quarter showed that 28% more companies opted for external administration in this quarter as compared to the figures of June 2016. And in comparison to March 2014 quarter, the appointments were raised from 1,717 to 2,198. Though, the sum of quarter in comparison to previous year saw a decline of 3.6% were the value for the last year was 2,283. For June 2017 quarter, the court liquidations showed a value of 634, receiverships stood at 156, voluntary administration depicted the value of 309 and the voluntary liquidations of the creditors contributed to 1,098. The ASIC have also been bifurcated on the basis of each state and the stats of each state have been compared with each other. As per the data presented by the ASIC, in every state, there was a rise in the court liquidation appointments and this figure grew 25.5% across the nation. Apart from this, there was also a rise in the director started windi ng up by 35.9%. The voluntary administrations were raised by 4.4% and the receiverships saw a rise by 45.8% (ASIC, 2017a). There are different topical insolvency issues for each company operating in the nation. Included in these are the reporting requirements which the auditors of company have to follow and which have been imposed by ASIC. The security issues include the attacks which are on the charges, as registration of charges and voidable transaction (Quinlan, Fleming and Popkin, 2004). The third party payment, or the payment made as a bank guarantee or under a letter or credit, can lead to unfair preferences in particular situations, which is the major topic issue faced by the companies, specifically those who have predominant work in the financial sector. Other topical issues include the element of unconscionability and the duties and responsibilities of company directors (Allens, 2004). To better elucidate upon the topical issues, reference can be made to the decision given by the Federal Court in Australian Building Systems Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation [2014] FCA 116. This case provided that the liquidators do to have a duty to pay tax regarding the proceeds obtained from the sale of property, which was owned by the company before it went into liquidation, when the assessments of tax were not used. Though, Justice Logan belived that a prudent liquidator would anyways retain such amount, till such time by which these assessments are issued by the Commissioner. The inconsistency of this decision with the draft tax determinations of TD 2012/D6 and TD2012/D7 released in Commissioners private ruling makes this issue topical (Piper Alderman, 2014). A key role is played by ASIC in company insolvency and the issues surrounding it, especially when it comes to initiating a case against the director of the company for a breach of section 588G. ASIC is not only a regulatory body, but also has to fulfil guiding role. And in this regard, ASIC issued Regulatory Guide 217 back in July 2010 in which the company directors have been guided the manner through which insolvent trading can be prevented. The company directors, as per this guide, have to stay informed about the affairs and financial position of company at all times; they have to take professional help in case they feel financial difficualties are beingf aced by the company, in a time based manner; and they also have to assess solvency of the company in a regular manner and to investigate about the financial difficulties. In this way, the regulatory body becomes a guide which can help the companies in insolvency situation (ASIC, 2010). In the preceding parts, an effective analysis was carried on the different aspects of insolvency of companies in Australia. In this regard, the role of ASIC and directors of the company was predominately analysed, where the manner in which the duties are imposed on directors to safeguard the company from insolvent trading was highlighted. The discussion also touched the different manner in which a company can be insolvent. The directors have an important role when it comes to protecting the company from insolvency and even after the company has become insolvent. The stats presented by ASIC clearly highlight that the number of liquidation of company is rising. So, the guidelines given by ASIC become more important, and the significance of the role of directors is raised, for protecting the company from insolvency situation. References CCH Australia Limited. (2017) 1986 Cases. [Online] CCH Australia Limited. Available from: https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio386725sl10541569/kinsela-anor-v-russell-kinsela-pty-ltd-in-liq [Accessed on: 15/09/17] AICD. (2014) Insolvent trading. [Online] AICD. Available from: https://aicd.companydirectors.com.au/~/media/cd2/resources/director-resources/director-tools/pdf/05446-6-3-duties-directors_insolvent-trading_a4-web.ashx [Accessed on: 15/09/17] Allens. (2004) Restructuring Insolvency. [Online] Allens. Available from: https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/insol/pap2dec04.htm [Accessed on: 15/09/17] ASIC. (2010) Duty to prevent insolvent trading: Guide for directors. [Online] ASIC. Available from: https://download.asic.gov.au/media/1241384/rg217-29july2010.pdf [Accessed on: 15/09/17] ASIC. (2014a) Insolvency. [Online] ASIC. Available from: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/ [Accessed on: 15/09/17] ASIC. (2014b) Directors - What to do if company in financial difficulty. [Online] ASIC. Available from: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/directors-what-to-do-if-company-in-financial-difficulty/ [Accessed on: 15/09/17] ASIC. (2014c) Directors - What are my duties as a director?. [Online] ASIC. Available from: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/directors-what-are-my-duties-as-a-director/ [Accessed on: 15/09/17] ASIC. (2016) Directors - Is my company in financial difficulty?. [Online] ASIC. Available from: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/directors-is-my-company-in-financial-difficulty/ [Accessed on: 15/09/17] ASIC. (2017a) Corporate insolvencies: June quarter 2017. [Online] ASIC. Available from: https://download.asic.gov.au/media/4410590/201706-june-qtr-2017-summary-analysis.pdf [Accessed on: 15/09/17] ASIC. (2017b) Liquidation: A guide for employees. [Online] ASIC. Available from: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-employees/liquidation-a-guide-for-employees/ [Accessed on: 15/09/17] CRS Insolvency Services. (2014) Media. [Online] CRS Insolvency Services. Available from: https://crsinsolvencyservices.com.au/voluntary-and-involuntary-company-liquidation/ [Accessed on: 15/09/17] Invest Northern Ireland. (2017) Company liquidation. [Online] Invest Northern Ireland. Available from: https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/alternatives-liquidation [Accessed on: 15/09/17] Keay, A.R., Murray, M., and Harris, J. (2013) Keay's Insolvency: Personal and Corporate Law and Practice. Sydney, NSW: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia. Omar, P. (2017) International Insolvency Law: Themes and Perspectives. Oxon: Routledge. Piper Alderman. (2014) Welcome to this edition of Insolvency Update, looking at topical and important issues in relation to insolvency and bankruptcy law. [Online] Piper Alderman. Available from: https://www.piperalderman.com.au/__files/f/6391/Insolvency%200814.pdf [Accessed on: 15/09/17] Quinlan, M., Fleming, S., and Popkin, M. (2004) You Oughta Know Topical Insolvency Issues of which Bankers Should be Aware. [Online] Allens. Available from: https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/pdf/insol/pap2dec04.pdf [Accessed on: 15/09/17] Walker, I. (2012) Director's duties in financially distressed companies in Australia. [Online] Thomson Reuters. Available from: https://content.next.westlaw.com/Document/I8417b1a31cb111e38578f7ccc38dcbee/View/FullText.html?contextData=(sc.Default)transitionType=DefaultfirstPage=truebhcp=1 [Accessed on: 15/09/17]

Queen Elizabeth II - Remarks on the Passing of Princess Diana free essay sample

American Revolution and the Battle of the Chesapeake

American Revolution and the Battle of the Chesapeake The Battle of the Chesapeake, also known as the Battle of the Virginia Capes, was fought September 5, 1781, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Fleets and Leaders Royal Navy Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves19 ships of the line French Navy Rear Admiral Comte de Grasse24 ships of the line Background Prior to 1781, Virginia had seen little fighting as the majority operations had taken place far to the north or further south. Early that year, British forces, including those led by traitor Brigadier General Benedict Arnold, arrived in the Chesapeake and commenced raiding. These were later joined by Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis army which had marched north following its bloody victory at the Battle of Guilford Court House. Taking command of all British forces in the region, Cornwallis soon received a confusing string of orders from his superior in New York City, General Sir Henry Clinton. While initially campaigning against American forces in Virginia, including those led by the Marquis de Lafayette, he was later instructed to establish a fortified base at a deep-water port. Assessing his options, Cornwallis elected to utilize Yorktown for this purpose. Arriving at Yorktown, VA, Cornwallis constructed earthworks around the town and built fortifications across the York River at Gloucester Point.    Fleets in Motion During the summer, General George Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau requested that Rear Admiral Comte de Grasse bring his French fleet north from the Caribbean for a potential strike against either New York City or Yorktown. After extensive debate, the latter target was chosen by the allied Franco-American command with the understanding that de Grasses ships were necessary to prevent Cornwallis escaping by sea. Aware that de Grasse intended to sail north, a British fleet of 14 ships of the line, under Rear Admiral Samuel Hood, also departed the Caribbean. Taking a more direct route, they arrived at the mouth of the Chesapeake on August 25. That same day, a second, smaller French fleet led by the  Comte de Barras departed Newport, RI carrying siege guns and equipment. In an effort to avoid the British, de Barras took a circuitous route with the goal of reaching Virginia and uniting with de Grasse. Not seeing the French near the Chesapeake, Hood decided to continue on to New York to join with Rear Admiral Thomas Graves. Arriving at New York, Hood found that Graves only had five ships of the line in battle condition. Combining their forces, they put to sea heading south towards Virginia. While the British were uniting to the north, de Grasse arrived in the Chesapeake with 27 ships of the line. Quickly detaching three ships to blockade Cornwallis position at Yorktown, de Grasse landed 3,200 soldiers and anchored the bulk of his fleet behind Cape Henry, near the mouth of the bay. The French Put to Sea On September 5, the British fleet appeared off the Chesapeake and sighted the French ships around 9:30 AM. Rather than swiftly attack the French while they were vulnerable, the British followed the tactical doctrine of the day and moved into a line ahead formation. The time required for this maneuver allowed the French to recover from the surprise of the British arrival which had seen many of their warships caught with large portions of their crews ashore. Also, it allowed de Grasse to avoid entering battle against an adverse wind and tidal conditions. Cutting their anchor lines, the French fleet emerged from the bay and formed for battle. As the French exited from the bay, both fleets angled towards each other as they sailed east. A Running Fight As wind and sea conditions continued to change, the French gained the advantage of being able to open their lower gun ports while the British were prevented from doing so without risking water entering their ships. Around 4:00 PM, the vans (lead sections) in each fleet opened fired on their opposite number as the range closed. Though the vans were engaged, a shift in the wind made it difficult for each fleets center and rear to close within range. On the British side, the situation was further hampered by contradictory signals from Graves. As the fighting progressed, the French tactic of aiming for masts and rigging bore fruit as HMS Intrepid (64 guns) and HMS Shrewsbury (74) both fell out of line. As the vans pummeled each other, many of the ships to their rear never were able to engage the enemy. Around 6:30 PM the firing ceased and the British withdrew to windward. For the next four days, the fleets maneuvered within sight of each other. However, neither sought to renew the battle . On the evening of September 9, de Grasse reversed his fleets course, leaving the British behind, and returned to the Chesapeake. Upon arriving, he found reinforcements in the form of 7 ships of the line under de Barras. With 34 ships of the line, de Grasse had full control of the Chesapeake, eliminating Cornwallis hopes for evacuation. Trapped, Cornwallis army was besieged by the combined army of Washington and Rochambeau. After over two weeks of fighting, Cornwallis surrendered on October 17, effectively ending the American Revolution. Aftermath and Impact During the Battle of the Chesapeake, both fleets suffered approximately 320 casualties. In addition, many of the ships in the British van were heavily damaged and unable to continue fighting. Though the battle itself was tactically inconclusive, it was a massive strategic victory for the French. By drawing the British away from the Chesapeake, the French eliminated any hope of rescuing Cornwalliss army. This in turn allowed for the successful siege of Yorktown, which broke the back of British power in the colonies and led to American independence.

Organizational Culture and Change Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational Culture and Change - Coursework Example culture also refers to "a pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration† (Schein, 1992, p. 12). Because organizational culture is described by Schein (1992) to be a pattern, any significant change within the organization distorts the pattern. In the given organization, the kind of change that took place was a recruitment and placement change, which was necessitated by the fact that there had been an internal promotional process within the organization. In the given instance, it was clearly witnessed that the organizational change had a great influence on the organizational culture and the entire organizational climate. This is because the new employees who were introduced needed some time to fit into the culture that they came to meet. Some way and some how, they were also trying to influence the existing culture with their own versions of organizational processes from the places they worked before. This brought about a distorted organizational culture for a while. In such a situation, it is important that an orientation program that seeks to equip the new comers with the existing culture is relevant (Al-Ghorfa, 2009). This is because an absence of such culture could lead to a situation whereby an entirely new culture wo uld have to be created and this could be devastating for customers especially as the existing customers may not easily get adapted to

Parenting and child development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Parenting and child development - Essay Example Parental values and attitudes foreshadow parental goals and programs, with children taking on parental values depending on the structure of the society. Nso parental values, particularly parental expectations and reinforcement, promote the anticipatory socialization and guided participation of children in the routine work of the family and community. This study pointed out that parental values critically influence children’s development. Nso parents help children to accept and understand their identity and behavior as future adults. This situation engages children in anticipatory socialization, that is, peer-group activities related to the knowledge and practices needed for the adult world. Child-to-child interactions are more important than parents-to-child interactions. The intensity and harshness of the descriptors used by the Palestinian children and to a lesser extent by the Israeli-Jewish children underscore the presence of ethnic stereotyping as young as 4 years of age. It emphasizes as well that efforts to reduce ethnic stereotyping must begin at an early age.

Public Relations Is A Corporate Communications Marketing Essay

Public Relations Is A Corporate Communications Marketing Essay Public Relations is a corporate communications, usually referred to as PR or public relations, refer to the famous people, businesses, government, non-profit organizations and other organizations, to improve relations with the public,  promote public awareness of its order to establish a good image, to obtain public understanding and support. In the occupational, public relations organizations engaged in information dissemination, coordination and relationship management services of the image consulting, planning, and implementation and service management functions.  Including the election success of the organization created to reduce the impact of organizational failure, announced changes and so on.  And personal relationships in the traditional face similar.  In the marketing system, public relations is the only business organizations to build public trust in the tool. Since the division of labor in society is getting smaller, more show the importance of public relations to increase; many universities have set up public relations department for the community to develop different areas of public relations personnel. Public relations is an organization in order to achieve a specific  goal, between employees inside and outside the organization, the organization established a good relationship between the sciences. It is a conscious management activity.  Organization to establish good public relations, the need for good public relations planning to implement and achieve.  But now popular with the community a false notion, mistaken public relations as hostess or something like that, it is extremely detrimental to the science and art of public relations in Chinas development, the need for a comprehensive study and public relations, establishing the correct PR awareness. Public Relations notes that, in addition to the form of interaction between the European model is also reflected with the public and the public sphere, not only with the relationship, it can, in principle, is private, but also with public consequences of organizational behaviour.  A new interactive communication everywhere in the broader view of the use of the Internet, by Phillips and online public relations overview of youth in the second edition (2009), describes the form and the Internet-mediated nature of public relations.  It includes social media and communications and many other channels of communication platforms such as personal computers (PC), mobile phones and video game consoles and Internet access. Public relations are used to establish relationships with employees, customers, investors, voters, or the general public.  Almost any organization, how the portrayed in public shares to hire public relations level.  Under some public relations corporate communications, such as analyst relations, media relations, investor relations, internal communications and labor relations, banner down discipline. However marketing is individually or collectively through the trading of its products or create value to obtain the necessary things to achieve win-win or win-win process.  It contains two meanings, one is the verb to understand, refers to a specific activity or behaviour, then call it marketing or marketing management; the other is to understand terms, refers to the research enterprise marketing activities or conduct of disciplines,  call it marketing, marketing, or marketing and so on. Marketing is the study of the whole process of economic and social, is the transaction are marketing their respective areas of study, please note that I use the marketing, not marketing, marketing research over the entire transaction process, then the application  This research is for their own profit-making or marketing the business.  The whole process is very complex, which also derived from marketing research and development, market research, strategy, segmentation and so on, all this process as a whole, to ensure that marketing must be involved in all aspects of doing what they do, so  is the perfect marketing. For example innovative marketing strategy like service marketing, emotional marketing, green marketing, network marketing, relationship marketing and integrated marketing. i. The Organizations Publics Organization of public relations is public relations an important concept in the study.  Of relationship management theory emerged as a new model, increased public relations scholars point to the public nature of the relationship what is and what is its value in the organization and the greater society.  This relationship model provides a framework for public relations efforts and achievements of the link.   Succinctly defined as a public relations to help an organization meet its public one another. The other definition of public relations, pointed out that the protection and development of its features, how to goodwill or an organization or group to tell other organizations or bodies on its own  effect.  However, public relations involves more than words, it also requires an organization to take action.  Good public relations between the organizations are to reduce the effect of how we perceive ourselves and how others look at the gap outside the organization. Public relations are not only involved in an organization, its open two-way communication.  It needs to listen to the public of an organization depends on the analysis and understanding of the attitudes and behaviour, and the audience.  Only in this way, an organization for effective public relations campaign actions and words. Public relations involve many different types of audiences and organizations. Public relations is not only implemented by the companies and businesses, industry associations are also specific industries, professional associations, representatives on behalf of its members, and other nonprofits organizations and cities, countries, regions, and various government agencies. With these organizations for the public is quite diverse.  In the tissue type, they include its shareholders, investors, employees or members, customers and consumers, government regulators, media, and the communities in which it is located. ii. Addressing the Problem If we study some of the goals and objectives of public relations, obviously, this is a wide range of activities involving many different functions.  Ranked list of objectives, public relations, to establish, maintain and protect the reputation of the organization, enhance its reputation, and gives a good image.  Research shows that consumers often based on the reputation of their companys purchasing decisions, so to have a public relations companys sales and revenue implications.  Public relations can be a companys overall marketing strategy for the effective component. In the case of a for-profit companies, public relations and marketing may be coordinated to ensure that they are trying to achieve the same purpose. Another major goal is to establish good public relations for the organization.  This involves many other organizations with his public with interactive features such as employee relations, shareholder and investor relations, media relations, community relations, relationship, influence, or affected. Public Relations also have an educational component that can help them achieve the above goals.  Public relations education, some features may be many things the public about the organization, including educating them about the business, in general, new legislation, and how to use specific products, and to overcome misunderstandings and prejudices.  A non-profit organization may try to educate the public about a certain angle.  The trade association may carry out educational activities, especially the industry, its products and practices. Effective public relations require knowledge, based on the analysis and understanding of all factors, affect the perception and attitude of the organization.  Public relations activities of a particular development to follow these basic steps, which can be used as a cycle, beginning in the visualization of the organization, extending to the target audience and return to the organization. Although the specific public relations program or campaign may be active or passive manner, in both cases, the first basic steps, including analysis and research, to identify all the relevant factors of the situation.  Obtained in this step is the organization that affects the organizations views and the public involved in the understanding of the nature of the key factors. The second step, policy formation, the establishment of the first. Established organizations here, including the results of setting goals and expectations, and to restrict, the activities will operate a general policy.  To establish such policy guidelines, to assess the recommended strategies and tactics, as well as the overall campaign success. In the third step of the strategy and tactics are outlined.  The organization brought in here to play to their knowledge of their target audiences and develop in line with established policies, specific programs to achieve the desired objectives.  Then the organization is the fourth step, the actual preparation of the target public.  Specific public relations techniques, such as press conferences or special events, are used to reach the target audience. Until the public relations cycle has gone through in one direction from the organization point to its target audience.  Back loop in step five of the organization because it receives its public feedback.  Have their reaction to the movement of public relations? Whether there is some unexpected development?  Here, the organization listen to its public, and in the last step, evaluation of the program and make any necessary adjustments. Harvard Referencing Public Relations by Edward L. Bernays http://www.questia.com/library/communication/advertising-and-public-relations/public-relations.jsp http://www.yourdictionary.com/dictionary-articles/Define-Public-Relations.html Question Two Public relations manager and public relations executive, and sometimes only a title on the difference, the basic job duties belong to both the implementation and management.  This post is also more common in the public relations firm jobs, is the Public Relations Officer of the direct supervisor. In their daily work, public relations manager for the development and implementation of public relations to host major public relations programs and activities, with the relevant departments, corporate communications; but also according to the needs of customers assist in developing public relations strategies and tactics.  PR based on customer needs to determine the objectives, establish a good relationship with the media; In addition, the ability to handle the event is also essential, so as to give full play to the role of public relations. The Public Relations Manager in a local international hotel are specify for the media and the public field survey documents, and organizing press conferences and other activities.  More experienced public relations specialists to write press releases and speeches and coordinated public relations program.  In a small company will provide a big company than a more diversified work experience.  As a public relations expert to gain more experience, he or she can be promoted to management positions, including orders, account manager, senior account manager, account manager, vice president. The PR also do research abroad, the major source markets, analyze the structure and dynamics of the tourism market. And domestic travel agencies and tourist market in regular contact and obtain costumer. Conduct and tourism, foreign affairs, information and economic departments, organizations and participation in favour of the hotel public relations promotional activities to expand the hotels popularity. After that PR also will keeping with the hotels foreign offices and regular contact between foreign travel agencies, timely collection of information, marketing strategies. Besides that, PR also develops marketing plans and expansion of the hotel marketing plan with assistant and the marketing department. Organization and handling associated with advertising and promotional coming soon at hotel campaign to increase market awareness. Received from domestic and international aspects of the rooms and restaurant reservations and booking to make detailed arrangements. Strengthen hotel liaison between internal departments to ensure sales and booking procedures according to different smooth reception. Remain with the team leader, and tour guides links guests to the hotel directly to obtain advice or recommendations. Employees are the most important public one, with ongoing public relations program is to maintain the goodwill of employees, and employees to maintain the companys image and reputation.  A good employee relations program, in essence, let the staff know and provide channels of communication, management level. Bechtel Group, the privately held operating company complex, to express their employees, makes them the operation of the companys annual report.  The company used employee surveys to determine what information employees considered to be useful. Range of other communications equipment for use, including the tabloids and magazines, monthly, quarterly video magazine, local newsletters, bulletin boards, a telephone call, brown bag lunch in a live demonstration of the companies.  Proposed system, which originated in the Second World War, is another effective way to improve the management of employee communication. So hotel PR Manager is communicated with employee in order to pro mote good relations. Harvard Referencing http://www.answers.com/topic/public-relations Everything you should know about public relations: direct answers to over 500 questions by Anthony Davis. Public Relations As Relationship Management: A Relational Approach To the Study and Practical of Public Relation by John A. Ledingham, Stephen D. Bruning.

Lost Identity Found Essay -- Cultural Identities Culture Identity Essa

Lost Identity Found Stuart Hall writes that â€Å"Identity is not as transparent or unproblematic as we think† (Hall 392). Hanif Kareishi, a visual minority growing up in racially charged England, experiences uncertainty and frustration relating to his sense of identity. Salman Rushdie, author of short stories â€Å"The Courter† and â€Å"Good Advice Is Rarer Than Rubies,† develops characters who experience similar identity crises. In his piece, â€Å"The Rainbow Sign,† Kareishi explores three responses to encounters with a foreign and hostile culture: outright rejection of the foreign culture, complete assimilation into foreign culture, or adoption of a synthesis of the two cultures. Kareishi himself embraces each of these different approaches at different times in his life, while characters in Rushdie’s short stories embody specific approaches. Kareishi’s discussion of the interaction between race, class, nationhood, and citizenship points to the need for a lo osening of racial and class distinctions in favor of a multicultural, liberal approach for achieving a successful synthesis of cultures. The protagonist of â€Å"Good Advice Is Rarer Than Rubies† adopts the rejectionist course when confronted with the possibility of being introduced into a foreign British culture. Miss Rehana, the Indian protagonist of the short story, travels to a British Consulate in India to acquire a British passport. An arranged engagement at the age of nine forged a connection between Miss Rehana and an older man with British citizenship, Mustafa Dar. Though Miss Rehana had not seen Mustafa Dar for many years, the engagement provides the opportunity for her to join him in England. Miss Rehana is poor; her parents are dead. A life in Britain promises better material c... ... calls for white British to adapt and compromise with immigrant culture. In light of Hall’s commentary, one can only hope that transforming Pakistani and British cultures converge. The other option, of course, is a divergence of culture. Sadly, given the vigilante groups and racial violence present when Kareishi published â€Å"The Rainbow Sign,† it is still not clear that England has embraced multiculturalism. Works Cited Kareishi, Hanif. â€Å"The Rainbow Sign.† London kills me. London: Penguin Books, 1992. 3-37. Hall, Stuart. " Cultural Identity and Diaspora." Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory. Ed. Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994. Rushdie, Salman. â€Å"Good Advice is Rarer than Rubies.† East, West. NY: vintage Books, 1994. 5-16. Rushdie, Salman. â€Å"The Courter.† East, West. NY: vintage Books, 1994. 175-211.